6.8: Measuring Supply Chain Performance
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- 116123
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Key Performance Indicators are measurements used to evaluate supply chain performance.
Inventory Turnover
One of the ways to evaluate the supply chain performance is to calculate inventory turnover (inventory turns):
Figure 4.5: Inventory turnover formula (cost of goods sold divided by average aggregate inventory value).“Average aggregate inventory value” is a term used to describe all of the inventory held in stock, which includes raw materials, work in process and finished goods, all valued at cost.
Inventory turnover is an indicator of the policies and practices of an organization. It represents their ability to purchase materials, produce and sell their products in a timely manner. A higher value for the inventory turnover means that the organization has been capable of replenishing and selling its inventory more number of times in any particular amount of time, and as a result, have a better cash flow.
It is important to keep in mind that high or low value of inventory turnover for each company is relative to its own industry. For example, dairy (milk) manufacturing has an annual inventory turnover of around 23, while this number is 14.7 for the grocery supermarkets, and 4.8 for the automotive industry.[9] Industries with higher volume, but lower margin, usually have the highest inventory turnovers.
Example
NED’s Food Supply is a supplier to restaurants and institutions for frozen foods, meats, fish, canned and fresh fruits and vegetables. Here is an analysis from the past two years regarding their inventory management. In which year was their supply chain performance better?
| Last year | Two years ago | |
|---|---|---|
| Cost of goods sold | 17,550,000 | 16,255,000 |
| Average aggregate inventory value | $1,650,000 | $1,763,350 |
Solution
Inventory turns for last year = 17,550,000 / 1,650,000 = 10.64 turns
Inventory turns for two years ago = 16,255,000 / 1,763,350 = 9.22 turns
Last year, their inventory turnover was faster. If customer service was equivalent in both years, then their performance was better last year than it was two years ago. This may have resulted in customers receiving fresher foods as well.
Days of Supply
Another related performance measure is days of supply:
Figure 4.6: Days of supply formula (average aggregate inventory value divided by annual cost of goods sold, the sum of which is multiplied by 365 [days]).Example
J’s Custom Automotive Finishing has calculated that his annual cost of goods sold at 45,000,000. His average inventory value in 2019 is:
| Production components | 2,350,000 |
|---|---|
| Production supplies | 450,000 |
| Finished goods | 225,600 |
| Total aggregate inventory value: | 3,025,600 |
Solution
Days of supply = (3,025,600 / 45,000,000) x 365 = 24.54
This measure can be thought of as how much inventory is sitting in the building at any one time. In terms of measuring the efficiency of the inventory, a lower number is better. It would imply that goods are purchased more frequently and spend less time in the facility before being converted into sales.
There are other ways to measure supply chain performance as well. In a warehouse or distribution setting, fill rate is an important measure. It is the percentage of customer orders that are filled from on-hand stock. In a manufacturing setting, a measure such as the percentage of orders delivered on time is an important indicator of customer service level.
The following 3:11 video provides additional insights into important measurements throughout the supply chain process:
"Supply Chain" Introduction to Operations Management Copyright © by Hamid Faramarzi and Mary Drane is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.