Skip to main content
Business LibreTexts

13.5: Summary

  1. Last updated
  2. Save as PDF
  • Page ID
    2831

    • \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    ( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)

    13.1 Explain the Pricing of Long-Term Liabilities

    • Businesses can obtain financing (cash) through profitable operations, issuing (selling) debt, and by selling ownership (equity).
    • Notes payable and bonds payable are specific types of debt that businesses issue in order to generate financial capital.
    • Liabilities are categorized as either current or noncurrent based on when the liability will be settled relative to the operating period of the business.
    • A bond indenture is a legal document containing the principal amount, maturity date, stated interest rate and other requirements of the bond issuer.
    • Bonds can be issued under different structures and include different features.
    • Periodic interest payments are based on the amount borrowed, the interest rate, and the time period for which interest is calculated.
    • Bond selling prices are determined by the market interest rate at the time of the sale and the stated interest rate of the bond.
    • Bonds can be sold at face value, at a premium, or at a discount.

    13.2 Compute Amortization of Long-Term Liabilities Using the Effective-Interest Method

    • The effective-interest method is a common method used to calculate the interest expense for a given interest payment.
    • There is an inverse relationship between the price of a bond and the market interest rate.
    • The carrying value of a bond sold at a discount will increase during the life of a bond until the maturity or face value is reached.
    • The carrying value of a bond sold at a premium will decrease during the life of a bond until the maturity or face value is reached.
    • The amount of cash to be paid, the interest expense, and the premium or discount amortization (when applicable) with each periodic payment are calculated based on an amortization table or schedule.

    13.3 Prepare Journal Entries to Reflect the Life Cycle of Bonds

    • When a company issues a bond, the specific terms of the bond are contained in the bond indenture.
    • Journal entries are recorded at various stages of a bond, including when the bond is issued, for periodic interest payments, and for payment of the bond at maturity.
    • The difference between the face value of a bond and the cash proceeds are recorded in the discount (when the proceeds are lower than the face value) and premium (when the proceeds are higher than the face value) accounts.
    • The carrying or book value of a bond is determined by the balances of the Bond Payable and Discount and/or Premium accounts.
    • Interest expense associated with a bond interest payment is calculated by the bond’s carrying or book value multiplied by the market interest rate.

    Key Terms

    amortization
    allocation of the costs of intangible assets over their useful economic lives; also, process of separating the principal and interest in loan payments over the life of a loan
    bond
    type of financial instrument that a company issues directly to investors, bypassing banks or other lending institutions, with a promise to pay the investor a specified rate of interest over a specified period of time
    bond indenture
    contract that lists the features of the bond, such as the principal, the maturity date, and the interest rate
    bond retirement
    when the company that issued the bonds pays their obligation
    book value
    difference between the asset’s value (cost) and accumulated depreciation; also, value at which assets or liabilities are recorded in a company’s financial statements
    callable bond
    (also, redeemable bond) bond that can be repurchased or “called” by the issuer of the bond before its due date
    carrying value
    (also, book value) value that assets or liabilities are recorded at in the company’s financial statements
    compound interest
    in a loan, when interest earned also earns interest
    convertible bond
    bond that can be converted into common stock at the option of the bond holder
    coupon rate
    (also, stated interest rate or face rate) interest rate printed on the certificate, used to determine the amount of interest paid to the holder of the bond
    debenture
    bond backed by the general credit worthiness of a company rather than specific assets
    debt financing
    borrowing money that will be repaid on a specific date in the future in order to finance business operations
    default
    failure to pay a debt as promised
    discount on bonds payable
    contra liability account associated with a bond that has a stated rate that is lower than the market rate and is sold at a discount
    effective-interest method
    method of calculating interest expense based on multiplying the carrying value of the bond by the market interest rate
    equity financing
    selling part of the business to obtain money to finance business operations
    fully amortized notes
    periodic loan payments that pay back the principal and interest over time with payments of equal amounts
    interest-only loan
    type of loan that only requires regular interest payments with all the principal due at maturity
    long-term liability
    debt settled outside one year or one operating cycle, whichever is longer
    market interest rate
    (also, effective interest rate) rate determined by supply and demand and by the credit worthiness of the borrower
    maturity date
    date a bond or note becomes due and payable
    maturity value
    amount to be paid at the maturity date
    note payable
    legal document between a borrower and a lender specifying terms of a financial arrangement; in most situations, the debt is long-term
    par value
    value assigned to stock in the company’s charter, typically set at a very small arbitrary amount; serves as legal capital
    premium on bonds payable
    contra account associated with a bond that has a stated rate that is higher than the market rate and is sold at a premium
    principal
    face value or maturity value of a bond (the amount to be paid at maturity); also, initial borrowed amount of a loan, not including interest
    promissory note
    represents a personal loan agreement that is a formal contract between a lender and borrower
    putable bond
    bond that give the bondholder the right to decide whether to sell it back early or keep it until it matures
    secondary market
    organized market where previously issued stocks and bonds can be traded after they are issued
    secured bond
    bond backed by specific assets as collateral for the bond
    serial bond
    bond that will mature over a period of time and will be repaid in a series of payments
    stated interest rate
    (also, contract interest rate) interest rate printed on the face of the bond that the issuer agrees to pay the bondholder throughout the term of the bond; also known as the coupon rate and face rate
    straight-line method
    method of calculating interest expense that allocates the same amount of premium or discount amortation for each of the bond’s payment periods
    term bond
    bond that will be repaid all at once, rather than in a series of payments

    This page titled 13.5: Summary is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.