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- https://biz.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Criminal_Law/Criminal_Procedure%3A_A_Free_Law_School_Casebook_2e_(Alexander_and_Trachtenberg)/04%3A_The_Exclusionary_Rule/4.01%3A_Chapter_31_-_Introduction_to_the_Exclusionary_RuleThis page emphasizes the importance of the Fourth Amendment in protecting citizens from arbitrary governmental actions and promotes adherence to the exclusionary rule, which prohibits the use of illeg...This page emphasizes the importance of the Fourth Amendment in protecting citizens from arbitrary governmental actions and promotes adherence to the exclusionary rule, which prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence. It discusses various legal cases highlighting unlawful searches and the need for judicial integrity, while also reflecting on dissenting opinions about the necessity and implications of the exclusionary rule.
- https://biz.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Criminal_Law/Criminal_Procedure%3A_A_Free_Law_School_Casebook_2e_(Alexander_and_Trachtenberg)/02%3A_The_Fourth_Amendment/2.15%3A_Chapter_16_-_The_Warrant_Requirement-_Exceptions_(Part_8)This page analyzes the legality of searches by school officials and public employers under the Fourth Amendment, focusing on landmark cases like New Jersey v. T.L.O. and Safford Unified School Distric...This page analyzes the legality of searches by school officials and public employers under the Fourth Amendment, focusing on landmark cases like New Jersey v. T.L.O. and Safford Unified School District v. Redding. It discusses the balance between individual privacy rights and institutional safety, arguing that while school searches must be reasonable, they also require justification to avoid violating student rights. Additionally, it covers City of Ontario v.
- https://biz.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Criminal_Law/Criminal_Procedure%3A_A_Free_Law_School_Casebook_2e_(Alexander_and_Trachtenberg)/02%3A_The_Fourth_Amendment/2.10%3A_Chapter_11_-_The_Warrant_Requirement-_Exceptions_(Part_3)This page discusses the legal nuances of consent searches in the context of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Supreme Court clarified that awareness of the right to refuse consent is not essen...This page discusses the legal nuances of consent searches in the context of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Supreme Court clarified that awareness of the right to refuse consent is not essential for valid consent, emphasizing the totality of circumstances to gauge voluntariness. Dissenting justices warn that this undermines constitutional protections when individuals lack awareness of their rights.
- https://biz.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Criminal_Law/Criminal_Procedure%3A_A_Free_Law_School_Casebook_2e_(Alexander_and_Trachtenberg)/06%3A_Identifications/6.04%3A_Chapter_41_-_Electronic_Surveillance_Torture_and_the_War_on_TerrorThis page explores the legal complexities of electronic surveillance and torture in the "War on Terror," emphasizing the necessity of judicial approval to uphold citizens' privacy rights. It discusses...This page explores the legal complexities of electronic surveillance and torture in the "War on Terror," emphasizing the necessity of judicial approval to uphold citizens' privacy rights. It discusses the Supreme Court's role in balancing national security with civil liberties, critiques the standing requirements in surveillance cases, and highlights historical tensions between executive power and constitutional protections.
- https://biz.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Criminal_Law/Introduction_to_Criminal_Law/03%3A_Constitutional_Protections/3.07%3A_End-of-Chapter_MaterialThis page discusses the protections for criminal defendants provided by the US Constitution and parallels with state constitutions. Key provisions include due process, free speech, and prohibitions ag...This page discusses the protections for criminal defendants provided by the US Constitution and parallels with state constitutions. Key provisions include due process, free speech, and prohibitions against cruel punishments. It highlights the scrutiny on retroactive penalties and vague laws.
- https://biz.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Criminal_Law/Criminal_Procedure%3A_A_Free_Law_School_Casebook_2e_(Alexander_and_Trachtenberg)/02%3A_The_Fourth_Amendment/2.02%3A_Chapter_3_-_What_Is_a_Search_Some_SpecificsThis page explores the application of the Fourth Amendment regarding privacy in searches, focusing on cases involving garbage searches, thermal imaging, and tracking technologies. The Supreme Court's ...This page explores the application of the Fourth Amendment regarding privacy in searches, focusing on cases involving garbage searches, thermal imaging, and tracking technologies. The Supreme Court's rulings often find no reasonable expectation of privacy in public trash or in data shared with companies, invoking dissent on privacy intrusions. Discussions on technological advancements highlight concerns over surveillance and personal privacy rights.
- https://biz.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Civil_Law/Foundations_of_Business_Law_and_the_Legal_Environment/04%3A_Constitutional_Law_and_US_Commerce/4.06%3A_CasesThis page covers several significant legal cases. Griswold v. Connecticut emphasized a fundamental right to privacy against state contraceptive bans. Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways ruled that Iowa...This page covers several significant legal cases. Griswold v. Connecticut emphasized a fundamental right to privacy against state contraceptive bans. Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways ruled that Iowa's truck length restrictions violated the Commerce Clause due to lack of safety justification. A North Carolina statute was declared unconstitutional for discriminating against out-of-state apple growers.
- https://biz.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Criminal_Law/Criminal_Procedure%3A_A_Free_Law_School_Casebook_2e_(Alexander_and_Trachtenberg)/02%3A_The_Fourth_Amendment/2.14%3A_Chapter_15_-_The_Warrant_Requirement-_Exceptions_(Part_7)This page examines the legality and effectiveness of warrantless searches and police checkpoints, focusing on sobriety and narcotics checkpoints. It highlights the Supreme Court's rulings, such as in ...This page examines the legality and effectiveness of warrantless searches and police checkpoints, focusing on sobriety and narcotics checkpoints. It highlights the Supreme Court's rulings, such as in Michigan State Police v. Rick Sitz and Illinois v. Lidster, balancing state interests against individual privacy. The dissenting opinions raise concerns over privacy rights and the requirement for probable cause.
- https://biz.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Criminal_Law/Criminal_Procedure%3A_A_Free_Law_School_Casebook_2e_(Alexander_and_Trachtenberg)/02%3A_The_Fourth_Amendment/2.09%3A_Chapter_10_-_The_Warrant_Requirement-_Exceptions_(Part_2)This page examines the legal standards for searches incident to lawful arrest (SILA) under the Fourth Amendment, highlighting significant Supreme Court cases like Chimel v. California, Arizona v. Gant...This page examines the legal standards for searches incident to lawful arrest (SILA) under the Fourth Amendment, highlighting significant Supreme Court cases like Chimel v. California, Arizona v. Gant, and Riley v. California. It discusses limits on warrantless searches, particularly concerning vehicles and digital data on cell phones, underscoring the necessity for probable cause and the protection of privacy rights.
- https://biz.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Criminal_Law/Criminal_Procedure%3A_A_Free_Law_School_Casebook_2e_(Alexander_and_Trachtenberg)/02%3A_The_Fourth_Amendment/2.04%3A_Chapter_5_-_What_Is_a_Search-_Wrapping_UpThis page examines the evolving legal landscape regarding privacy rights and the Fourth Amendment in the context of digital data collection and law enforcement practices. It discusses a significant co...This page examines the evolving legal landscape regarding privacy rights and the Fourth Amendment in the context of digital data collection and law enforcement practices. It discusses a significant court ruling on historical cell phone location data, prompting concerns over privacy expectations and implications for police investigations.
- https://biz.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Criminal_Law/Criminal_Procedure%3A_A_Free_Law_School_Casebook_2e_(Alexander_and_Trachtenberg)/02%3A_The_Fourth_Amendment/2.16%3A_Chapter_17_The_Warrant_Requirement_-_ExceptionsThis page examines the legality of drug testing in public schools and among employees, focusing on Supreme Court rulings regarding the balance between safety interests and Fourth Amendment rights. Key...This page examines the legality of drug testing in public schools and among employees, focusing on Supreme Court rulings regarding the balance between safety interests and Fourth Amendment rights. Key cases include *Vernonia* and *Earls*, which uphold drug testing for student athletes and extracurricular participants, citing safety concerns. However, dissenting opinions stress the importance of privacy rights and the potential for governmental overreach.
