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7: How Do Managers Use Financial and Nonfinancial Performance Measures?

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    Sandy Masako is the CEO of a fast-food restaurant called Chicken Deluxe. The company operates hundreds of restaurants throughout North America and is choosing between two suppliers of soft drinks: Deep Fizz Company and Extreme Fizz, Inc. Consumer surveys indicate no significant preference between the two. Sandy is meeting with Dave Roberts, the CFO, and Karen Kraft, the purchasing manager, to discuss the company’s options.

     

    Sandy (CEO):
    We have a big decision to make. Our soft drink contract is up at the end of this year, and we need to decide on a supplier for next year.

    Karen (Purchasing Manager):
    I’ve had preliminary discussions with both Deep Fizz and Extreme Fizz, and the costs of their products are about the same.

    Dave (CFO):
    Based on extensive surveys with our customers, they are not particularly concerned about which supplier we choose, as long as it’s either Deep Fizz or Extreme Fizz.

    Karen:
    Both companies would like our business. This is a big contract for either of them!

    Sandy:
    OK, so we have two companies offering the same terms, and customers who would be satisfied with either company’s products. Are there any other criteria we should consider?

    Dave:
    We must have a supplier that is on solid financial ground. If our supplier were to have financial difficulties that jeopardized product quality or timing of deliveries, we would be in a bind.

    Karen:
    I agree. We need to determine whether these companies are in good financial shape.

    Dave:
    I suggest we have our accounting staff evaluate their financial information by analyzing and comparing certain key financial measures.

    Sandy:
    What do you have in mind?

    Dave:
    My staff can look at financial trends and calculate several different ratios to evaluate the strength of each company’s income statement and balance sheet. We can compare these ratios for both companies and also compare them to industry standards. This analysis should give us a better idea about the financial stability of each company.

    Sandy:
    Excellent! We have a few months to make our decision. How much time do you need?

    Dave:
    We can have it ready within a few weeks.

    Sandy:
    Great, let’s plan on reviewing your analysis next month.

     

    Chicken Deluxe is facing a supplier decision common to many companies. Financial stability is an important factor in deciding on a supplier, along with the quality of product and reliability of service. Chicken Deluxe must analyze financial information for Deep Fizz and Extreme Fizz to determine the financial condition of each company.

    The analysis of a company’s financial information typically follows a three-pronged approach. First, trends within a company’s own financial information are analyzed, such as sales and earnings from one year to the next, using two methods—trend analysis and common-size analysis. Second, financial measures are compared between competitors. Finally, financial ratios are compared to industry averages. We discuss these three approaches next using Coca-Cola as an example. We will revisit the decision facing Chicken Deluxe later in the chapter.

    7.1 Trend Analysis of Financial Statements

    Learning Objectives

    1. Perform trend analysis to evaluate financial statement information.

     

    Question: How is trend analysis used to evaluate the financial health of an organization?

    Answer: Trend analysis evaluates an organization’s financial information over a period of time. Periods may be measured in months, quarters, or years, depending on the circumstances. The goal is to calculate and analyze the amount change and percent change from one period to the next.

    For example, in fiscal years 2019 and 2018, Coca-Cola had the operating income shown as follows. (Amounts are in millions. To convert to the actual amount, simply multiply the amount given times one million. For example, $10,086 × 1,000,000 = $10,086,000,000. Thus Coca-Cola had operating income of $10,086,000 in 2019.)

      Amount 2019 Amount 2018 Amount Change Percent Change
    Operating income $10,086 $9,152 ?  

    Although readers of the financial information can see that operating income increased from 2018 to 2019, the exact dollar amount of the change and the percent change is more helpful in evaluating the company’s performance. The dollar amount of change is calculated as follows:

    Key Equation

    Amount of change = Current year amount – Base year amount

    Amount of change = Current year amount−Base year amount $934 =$10,086−$9,152

     

    Question: As you can see, operating income increased by $934 million from 2018 to 2019. Is this a significant increase for Coca-Cola ?

    Answer: Most of us consider $934 million to be a huge amount, but the only way to gauge the true significance of this amount for Coca-Cola is to calculate the percent change from 2018 to 2019. The percent change is calculated as the current year amount minus the base year amount, divided by the base year amount.

    Key Equation

    Percent change = (Current year amount – Base year amount) ÷ Base year amount

     

    The calculation that follows shows operating income increased 10.2 percent from 2018 to 2019. This is a significant increase and represents very positive results for Coca-Cola.

    Percent change=(Current year amount−Base year amount)÷Base year amount %=($10,086−$9,152)÷$9,152

    Trend Analysis for the Income Statement and Balance Sheet

    Question: Trend analysis is often used to evaluate each line item on the income statement and balance sheet. How is this analysis prepared?

    Answer: Figure 7.1 “Income Statement Trend Analysis for ” shows Coca-Cola’s income statement trend analysis, and Figure 7.2 “Balance Sheet Trend Analysis for ” shows Coca-Cola’s balance sheet trend analysis. Carefully examine each of these figures, including the comments.

    Figure 7.1 Income Statement Trend Analysis for Coca-Cola

     

      2019 2018 $ Change

    Percent

    Change

    Revenues  $ 37,266  $ 34,300 2,966 8.6%
    Cost of Goods and Services Sold 14,619 13,067 1,552 11.9%
    GROSS PROFIT 22,647 21,233 1,414 6.7%
    Selling, General and Administrative Expense 12,103 11,002 1,101 10.0%
    Other Cost and Expense, Operating 458 1,079 (621) (57%)
    OPERATING INCOME 10,086 9,152 934 10.2%

    Note: Percent change for each line item is found by dividing the increase (decrease) amount by the 2018 amount. For example, net sales 13.3 percent increase equals $2,966 ÷ $34,300.

    Figure 7.1 ” shows that net sales increased by $2,966 million, or 8.6 percent. Cost of goods sold had a corresponding increase of $1,552 million, or 11.9 percent. The higher increase for cost of goods sold in relation to sales indicates that costs that go into the product are increasing in cost more than Coca Cola is able to increase the sales price of the product.  The increase in net sales and related increase in cost of goods sold resulted in an increase in gross margin of $1,414, or 6.7 percent. The increase in selling and administrative expenses of $1,414 million, or 10 percent, outpaced the increase in net sales.  This was offset by the 57% drop in other costs and expenses.  Combined these changes resulted in a relatively health increase in operating income as noted above of $934 million or 10.2 percent. The significant decrease in other expenses comes because of the drop in costs for the bottling operation as those operations were refranchised in 2018 so that costs were eliminated (this information is found in the footnotes to the financial statements).

    Figure 7.2 Balance Sheet Trend Analysis for Coca-Cola

      2019 2018 $ Change % Change
    Cash and Short Term Investments  $ 11,175  $ 16,115  $ (4,940) (30.7%)
    Accounts Receivable, net 3,971 3,685 286 7.8%
    Inventory 3,379 3,071 308 10.0%
    Prepaid and Other Current Assets 1,886 2,059   (173) (8.4%)
             
    Long Term Investments 28,366 27,101 1,265 4.7%
    Property, Plant and Equipment, Net 10,838 9,598  1,240 12.9%
    Intangible Assets, Net 26,766 21,587 5,179  24.0%
      $86,381 $83,216 3,165 3.8%
             
    Accounts payable and accrued expenses 11,312 9,533  1,779 18.7%
    Notes and Loans Payable, Current 15,247 18,838   (3,591) -19.1%
    Accrued income taxes 414 411 3 0.7%
             
    Long Term Debt 27,516 25,376 2,140 8.4%
    Other Liabilities 10,794 10,000 794 7.9%
             
    Common Stock 18,914 18,280 634 3.5%
    Retained Earnings 52,311 50,420 1,891 3.8%
    Less: Treasury Stock (50,127) (49,642) 485 1.0%
    Total Liabilities and Equity $86,381 $83,216    

     

    Note: Percent change for each line item is found by dividing the increase (decrease) amount by the 2018 amount. For example, cash and cash equivalents 30.7 percent decrease equals $4,940 ÷ $16,155.

    Current Assets and Current Liabilities

    Question: What does the balance sheet trend analysis  tell us about current assets and current liabilities for Coca-Cola ?

    Answer: The above analysis shows that cash and cash equivalents decreased by $4,940 million, or 30.7 percent. Coca-Cola’s statement of cash flows would provide detailed information regarding this increase. We covered the cash flow statement in the last chapter.  Accounts receivable increased 7.8 percent, and merchandise inventory increased 10 percent. Other current assets decreased 8.4 percent.  We would expect accounts receivable and inventory to increase when the company was able to increase sales as shown in our analysis of the income statement.

    Moving to current liabilities, accounts payable and accrued liabilities increased by 18.7 percent, loans and notes payable decreased 19.1 percent, and accrued taxes increased .7 percent.

    Noncurrent Assets and Noncurrent Liabilities

    Question: What does the balance sheet trend analysis above tell us about noncurrent assets and noncurrent liabilities for Coca-Cola ?

    Answer: The above shows that long-term investments increased 4.7 percent. Property, plant, and equipment increased 12.9 percent, and intangible assets increased by a significant 24 percent. Both items appearing under noncurrent liabilities increased, with a 8.4 percent increase in long-term debt and a 7.9 percent increase in other liabilities.

    Shareholders’ Equity

    Question: What does the balance sheet trend analysis above tell us about shareholders’ equity for Coca-Cola ?

    Answer: Common stock increased 3.5 percent, and retained earnings increased 3.8 percent. Treasury stock increased just 1 percent.

    Big Picture Balance Sheet Trend Analysis

    Question: What are some of the key big picture items identified in the balance sheet trend analysis shown above?

    Answer: Overall, total assets increased by 3.8 percent. Of course, total liabilities and shareholders’ equity also increased by the same amount. The increases identified in almost every asset, liability, and shareholders’ equity line item are significant. Growth in sales made it necessary to have more inventory and accounts receivable.  Growth in acquisitions fueled an increase in both tangible and intangible assets that were financed by adding more long term debt.

    This analysis points to the reason we perform trend analysis—to identify the increases and decreases in dollar amounts from one year to the next and to take a close look at unusual trends.

    Trend Analysis over Several Years

    Question: The trend analysis just described works well when comparing financial data for two years. However, many prefer to review trends over more than two years. How might a trend analysis for several years be prepared?

    Answer: A common approach is to establish the oldest year as the base year and compute future years as a percentage of the base year. For example, Coca-Cola had the following net sales for each of the past five years (in millions):

      2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
    Net sales $37,266 $34,300 $36,212 $41,863 $44,294

    Comparing 2019 to the past 5 years, we see that 2019 reverses a troubling trend of dropping sales for the past four years.  Just looking at 2 years may hide this turnaround whether you consider it a healthy restart or just a positive bump in a continued slide.

    Business in Action 7.1

    Trends Presented in Annual Reports

    Most public companies present trend information in their annual reports. For example, Intel shows net revenues, gross margin, research and development costs, operating income, and net income for the past five years. Nike and PepsiCo both show the percent change in selected income statement line items for the past two years. Costco Wholesale Corporation presents selected income statement information for the past five years. The fact that these financial data are provided in the annual report confirms the importance of presenting trend information to shareholders.

     

    7.2 Common-Size Analysis of Financial Statements

    Learning Objectives

    1. Perform common-size analysis to evaluate financial statement information.

     

    Question: How is common-size analysis used to evaluate the financial health of an organization?

    Answer: Common-size analysis converts each line of financial statement data to an easily comparable amount measured in percent form. Income statement items are stated as a percent of net sales, and balance sheet items are stated as a percent of total assets (or total liabilities and shareholders’ equity); also called vertical analysis. (also called vertical analysis) converts each line of financial statement data to an easily comparable, or common-size, amount measured as a percent. This is done by stating income statement items as a percent of net sales and balance sheet items as a percent of total assets (or total liabilities and shareholders’ equity). For example, Coca-Cola had net income of $8,920 million and net sales of $37,267 million for 2019. The common-size percent is simply net income divided by net sales, or 23.9 percent (= $8,920 ÷ $37,267).

    There are two reasons to use common-size analysis: (1) to evaluate information from one period to the next within a company and (2) to evaluate a company relative to its competitors. Common-size analysis answers such questions as “how do our current assets as a percent of total assets compare with last year?” and “how does our net income as a percent of net sales compare with that of our competitors?”

    Using Common-Size Analysis to Evaluate Trends within a Company

    Question: How is a formal common-size analysis prepared, and what does it tell us for Coca-Cola ?

    Answer: Figure 7.3 “Common-Size Income Statement Analysis ” presents the common-size analysis for Coca-Cola’s income statement, and Figure 7.4 “Common-Size Balance Sheet Analysis ” shows the common-size analysis for Coca-Cola’s balance sheet. As you look at these figures, notice that net sales are used as the base for the income statement, and total assets (or total liabilities and shareholders’ equity) are used as the base for the balance sheet. That is, for the income statement, each item is measured as a percent of net sales, and for the balance sheet, each item is measured as a percent of total assets (or total liabilities and shareholders’ equity).

    Figure 7.3 Common-Size Income Statement Analysis for Coca-Cola

      2019 % of Sales 2018 % of Sales
    Revenues  $ 37,266 100%  $ 34,300 100%
    Cost of Goods and Services Sold 14,619 39% 13,067 38%
    GROSS PROFIT 22,647 61% 21,233 62%
    Selling, General and Administrative Expense 12,103 32% 11,002 32%
    Other Cost and Expense, Operating 458 1% 1,079 3%
    OPERATING INCOME 10,086 27% 9,152 27%
    Interest income 563 2% 689 2%
    Interest expense 946 3% 950 3%
    Equity income (loss) – net 1,049 3% 1,008 3%
    Other income (loss) – net 34 0% (1,674) -5%
    INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES 10,786 29% 8,225 24%
    Income taxes 1,801 5% 1,749 5%
    CONSOLIDATED NET INCOME 8,985 24% 6,476 19%

     

    Note: All percentages use net sales as the base. For example, 2019 cost of goods sold percent of 39 percent equals $14,619 cost of goods sold ÷ $37,266 net sales. Note that rounding issues sometimes cause subtotals in the percent column to be off by a small amount.

    In general, managers prefer expenses as a percent of net sales to decrease over time, and profit figures as a percent of net sales to increase over time. As you can see in Figure 7.3 “Common-Size Income Statement Analysis “, Coca-Cola’s gross margin as a percent of net sales decreased from 2018 to 2019 (62 percent versus 61 percent). Operating income stayed the same (27 percent for both years). Income before taxes increased significantly from 24 percent in 2018 to 29 percent in 2019 due primarily to the loss in 2018.   This caused net income to increase as well, from 19 percent in 2018 to 24 percent in 2019. In the expense category, cost of goods sold as a percent of net sales increased which is not a positive sign but this was offset by the drop in other costs and expenses.   Selling and administrative expenses was unchanged as a percent of sales for both years as was interest expense, equity income and income tax expense.

    Figure 7.4 Common-Size Balance Sheet Analysis for Coca-Cola

      2019 % of Assets 2018 % of Assets
    Cash and Short Term Investments  $ 11,175 13%  $ 16,115 19%
    Accounts Receivable, Inet 3,971 5% 3,685 4%
    Inventory 3,379 4% 3,071 4%
    Prepaid and Other Current Assets 1,886 2% 2,059 2%
             
    Long Term Investments 28,366 33% 27,101 33%
    Property, Plant and Equipment, Net 10,838 13% 9,598 12%
    Intangible Assets, Net 26,766 31% 21,587 26%
    Total Assets  $ 86,381 100%  $ 83,216 100%
             
    Accounts payable and accrued expenses 11,312 13% 9,533 11%
    Notes and Loans Payable, Current 15,247 18% 18,838 23%
    Accrued income taxes 414 0% 411 0%
             
    Long Term Debt 27,516 32% 25,376 30%
    Other Liabilities 10,794 12% 10,000 12%
             
    Common Stock 18,914 22% 18,280 22%
    Retained Earnings 52,311 61% 50,420 61%
    Less: Treasury Stock (50,127) -58% (49,642) -60%
    Total Liabilities and Equity  $        86,381    $        83,216  

     

    As you can see from the composition of assets, liabilities, and shareholders’ equity accounts changed slightly from 2018 to 2019. Notable changes occurred for cash (from 19 to 13%) intangible assets (from 26 to 31%), current loans payable (23% to 18%).  Other assets and liabilities did not change much in relation to total assets.

    Using Common-Size Analysis to Evaluate Competitors

    Question: To this point, we have used common-size analysis to evaluate just one company, Coca-Cola . Common-size analysis is, however, also an effective way of comparing two companies with different levels of revenues and assets. For example, suppose one company has operating income of $100,000, and a competing company has operating income of $2,000,000. If both companies have similar levels of net sales and total assets, it is reasonable to assume that the more profitable company is the better performer. However, most companies are not the same size. How do we compare companies of different sizes?

    Answer: This is where common-size analysis can help.  Common-size analysis enables us to compare companies on equal ground.  So that by converting dollar amounts into percentages, we can compare Coca Cola with 37 billion in sales with a start up beverage company with only $3 million in sales.  If both are converted to percentages they can be analyzed side by side to see which one is the most profitable and how the composition of their assets and liabilities compare.

    Common-size analysis is obviously crucial to comparative analysis. In fact, some sources of industry data present the information exclusively in a common-size format, and most of the accounting software available today has been engineered to facilitate this type of analysis.

    Key Takeaways

    • Common-size analysis converts each line of financial statement data to an easily comparable amount measured as a percent. Income statement items are stated as a percent of net sales and balance sheet items are stated as a percent of total assets (or total liabilities and shareholders’ equity). Common-size analysis allows for the evaluation of information from one period to the next within a company and between competing companies.

     

    7.3 Ratio Analysis of Financial Information

    Learning Objectives

    1. Use ratio analysis to measure profitability, short-term liquidity, long-term solvency, and market valuation.

     

    Question: Although reviewing trends and using common-size analysis provides an excellent starting point for analyzing financial information, managers, investors, and other stakeholders also use various ratios to assess the financial performance and financial condition of organizations. What are the four categories of ratios used to evaluate the financial health of an organization?

    Answer: The four categories of ratios presented in this chapter are as follows (in order of presentation):

    1. Ratios used to measure profitability (focus is on the income statement)
    2. Ratios used to measure short-term liquidity (focus is on short-term liabilities)
    3. Ratios used to measure long-term solvency (focus is on long-term liabilities)
    4. Ratios used to measure market valuation (focus is on market value of the company)

    For each ratio, we explain the meaning and provide the formula

    Table 7.1 “Financial Ratio Formulas” summarizes the formulas for all the ratios presented in this section, and Table 13.2 “Summary of Financial Ratios for “ shows the ratio results for Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and the industry averages that will be covered throughout this section.

    Table 7.1 Financial Ratio Formulas

    Profitability Measures
    1. Gross margin ratio = Gross margin/Net sales

      Indicates the gross margin generated for each dollar in net sales.

    2. Profit margin ratio=Net income/Net sales

      Indicates the profit generated for each dollar in net sales.

    3. Return on assets=Net income/Average total assets

      Indicates how much net income was generated from each dollar in average assets invested.

    4. Return on common shareholders’ equity=(Net income − Preferred dividends) / Average common shareholders’ equity

      Indicates how much net income was generated from each dollar of common shareholders’ equity.

    5. Earnings per share=(Net income − Preferred dividends) / Weighted average common shares outstanding

      Indicates how much net income was earned for each share of common stock outstanding.

    Short-Term Liquidity Measures
    1. Current ratio=Current assets/ Current liabilities

      Indicates whether a company has sufficient current assets to cover current liabilities.

    2. Quick ratio= (Cash + Marketable securities + Short-term receivables) / Current liabilities

       

      Alternate = Total Current Assets less inventory and other current assets) / Current liabilities

      Indicates whether a company has sufficient quick assets to cover current liabilities.

    3. Receivables turnover ratio=Credit sales / Average accounts receivable

      Indicates how many times receivables are collected in a given period.

    4. Average collection period=365 days / Receivables turnover ratio

      Indicates how many days it takes on average to collect on credit sales.

    5. Inventory turnover ratio=Cost of goods sold / Average inventory

      Indicates how many times inventory is sold and restocked in a given period.

    6. Average sale period=365 days / Inventory turnover ratio

      Indicates how many days it takes on average to sell the company’s inventory.

    Long-Term Solvency Measures
    1. Debt to assets=Total liabilities / Total assets

      Indicates the percentage of assets funded by creditors.

    2. Debt to equity=Total liabilities / Total shareholders’ equity

      Indicates the amount of debt incurred for each dollar that owners provide.

    3. Times interest earned=Net income + Income tax expense + Interest expense / Interest expense

      Indicates the company’s ability to cover its interest expense related to long-term debt with current period earnings.

     
     
     

    Before we discuss the various ratios, it is important to note that different terms are often used in financial statements to describe the same item. For example, some companies use the term net revenues instead of net sales, and the income statement is often called the statement of earnings, or consolidated statement of earnings.

    Profitability Ratios

    Question: Analysts, shareholders, suppliers, and other stakeholders often want to evaluate profit trends within a company and compare a company’s profits with competitors’ profits. What are the five common ratios used to evaluate company profitability?

    Answer: The five ratios used to evaluate profitability are as follows:

    1. Gross margin ratio
    2. Profit margin ratio
    3. Return on assets
    4. Return on common shareholders’ equity
    5. Earnings per share

    The application of these ratios was covered in our earlier Principles of Financial Accounting textbooks.

     
     

    Short-Term Liquidity Ratios

    Question: Suppliers and other short-term lenders often want to evaluate whether companies can meet short-term obligations. What are the four common ratios used to evaluate short-term liquidity?

    Answer: The four ratios used to evaluate short-term liquidity are as follows:

    1. Current ratio
    2. Quick ratio
    3. Receivables turnover ratio (often converted to average collection period)
    4. Inventory turnover ratio (often converted to average sale period)

    The application of these ratios was covered in our earlier Principles of Financial Accounting textbooks.

     
     

    Long-Term Solvency Ratios

    Question: Banks, bondholders, and other long-term lenders often want to evaluate whether companies can meet long-term obligations. What are the three common ratios used to evaluate long-term solvency?

    Answer: The three ratios used to evaluate long-term solvency are as follows:

    1. Debt to assets
    2. Debt to equity
    3. Times interest earned

    Debt to Assets

    The debt to assets ratio can be expressed as a percentage or as just a ratio of liabilities to assets.  The higher the percentage of assets are financed with debt the more leveraged the company is and the more risk of bankruptcy.  With this additional risk comes a higher chance for large returns – this concept of leverage was covered in Principles of Managerial Accounting 1.

    Debt to Equity

    A variation of the debt to assets ratio is the debt to equity ratio.   Calculated as total liabilities divided by total shareholders’ equity, this calculation measures the balance of liabilities and shareholders’ equity used to fund assets. The debt to equity ratio is total liabilities divided by total shareholders’ equity.  Like Debt to Assets, the higher the debt to equity the more leveraged the company is and the higher risk of not being able to meet the long term obligations.  It can be expressed as a ratio or a percentage.

    Times Interest Earned

    The times interest earned is calculated as income before income tax expense and interest expense divided by interest expense; also called interest coverage ratio.  It measures the company’s ability to cover its interest expense related to long-term debt with current period earnings. The times interest earned ratio is net income before income tax expense and interest expense divided by interest expense.  Unlike the other solvency ratios, this generally is not expressed as a percentage but rather as a number of times.  Income was able to cover the interest expense 6.4 times which means the company generated profits sufficient to pay its interest 6.4 times.  With this ratio, the higher the number the less leverage and risk of bankruptcy exists.

     

    Key Takeaways

    • Shareholders, creditors, and analysts often evaluate a company’s profitability. Five ratios used to evaluate profitability are the gross margin ratio, the profit margin ratio, return on assets, return on common shareholders’ equity, and earnings per share. Suppliers and other short-term creditors often evaluate whether a company can meet short-term obligations. Four ratios used to evaluate short-term liquidity are the current ratio, the quick ratio, the receivables turnover ratio (often converted to average collection period), and the inventory turnover ratio (often converted to average sale period). Banks, bondholders, and other long-term lenders often evaluate whether companies can meet long-term obligations. Three ratios used to evaluate long-term solvency are debt to assets, debt to equity, and times interest earned.

     

     

     

    Sandy:
    Let’s get started! Dave, what do you have for us?

    Dave:
    I used several different financial ratios to evaluate profitability, short-term liquidity, long-term solvency, and market valuation for Deep Fizz Company and Extreme Fizz, Inc., Here is a summary of the results. Items 1 through 4 show that both companies are doing very well with regard to profitability, and exceed the industry average in all four categories. Earnings per share are not relevant for comparative purposes because different companies have different amounts of shares outstanding.

    Sandy:
    The profitability measures look good for both companies. What about the balance sheet?

    Dave:
    For the most part, Extreme Fizz has the edge on short-term liquidity, with top marks for all short-term liquidity measures. However, Deep Fizz is not far behind. Based on items 6 through 11, I consider both companies to have strong short-term liquidity. The only concern is with Deep Fizz’s slow inventory turnover, which is well below Extreme Fizz and the industry average.

    Sandy:
    What about long-term solvency? Given both companies have strong profitability and excellent short-term liquidity, my biggest concern is whether these companies are able to meet long-term obligations.

    Dave:
    The short answer is both companies will be able to meet long-term obligations as indicated in the debt to assets, debt to equity, and times interest earned ratios. 

    Sandy:
    So what do we get from all this information?

    Dave:
    Both companies are solid. We shouldn’t have to worry about either company having financial difficulties in the near future.

    Karen:
    Looks like we’ll have to review other factors in deciding which company to use as our supplier.

    Sandy:
    I agree. Thanks, Dave, for your analysis. If nothing else, this puts my mind at ease about whichever company we ultimately select as our supplier.

     

    As you can see from the Chicken Deluxe example, analysts use many different financial measures to evaluate financial performance. In the case of Deep Fizz and Extreme Fizz, both companies appear to be strong performers. Armed with this information, management can confidently choose either company knowing the winner will be on solid financial ground for years to come.

    7.5 Nonfinancial Performance Measures: The Balanced Scorecard

    Learning Objectives

    1. Develop and analyze nonfinancial performance measures using a balanced scorecard.

     

    Question: Although financial measures are important for evaluation purposes, many organizations use a mix of financial and nonfinancial measures to evaluate performance. For example, airlines track on-time arrival percentages carefully, and delivery companies like Federal Express (FedEx) and United Parcel Service (UPS) monitor percentages of on-time deliveries. The balanced scorecard uses several alternative measures to evaluate performance. What is a balanced scorecard and how does it help companies to evaluate performance?

    Answer: The balanced scorecard is a balanced set of measures that organizations use to motivate employees and evaluate performance. These measures are typically separated into four perspectives outlined in the following. (Dr. Robert S. Kaplan and Dr. David P. Norton created the balanced scorecard, and it is actively promoted through their company, Balanced Scorecard Collaborative. More information can be found at the following link https://balancedscorecard.org/

    1. Financial. Measures that shareholders, creditors, and other stakeholders use to evaluate financial performance.
    2. Internal business process. Measures that management uses to evaluate efficiency of existing business processes.
    3. Learning and growth. Measures that management uses to evaluate effectiveness of employee training.
    4. Customer. Measures that management uses to evaluate whether the organization is meeting customer expectations.

    The goal is to link these four perspectives to the company’s strategies and goals. For example, a high percentage of on-time arrivals is likely an important goal from the perspective of the customer of an airline. A high percentage of defect-free computer chips is likely an important goal from the internal business process perspective of a computer chip maker. A high number of continuing education hours is likely an important goal from the learning and growth perspective for tax personnel at an accounting firm. Measures from a financial perspective were covered earlier in this chapter.

    Companies that use the balanced scorecard typically establish several measures for each perspective. Table 13.4 “Balanced Scorecard Measures” lists several examples of these measures.

    Table 7.2 Balanced Scorecard Measures

    Financial Internal Business Process Learning and Growth Customer
    Gross margin ratio Defect-free rate Hours of employee training Customer satisfaction (survey)
    Return on assets Customer response time Employee satisfaction (survey) Number of customer complaints
    Receivables turnover Capacity utilization Employee turnover Market share
    Inventory turnover New product development time Number of employee accidents Number of returned products

    Measures established across the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard are linked in a way that motivates employees to achieve company goals. For example, if the company wants to increase the defect-free rate and reduce product returns, effective employee training and low employee turnover will help in achieving this goal. The idea is to establish company goals first, then create measures that motivate employees to reach company goals.

    Key Takeaways

    • Most organizations use a mix of financial and nonfinancial measures to evaluate performance. The balanced scorecard approach uses a balanced set of measures separated into four perspectives—financial, internal business process, learning and growth, and customer. The last three perspectives tend to include nonfinancial measures, such as hours of employee training or number of customer complaints, to evaluate performance. The goal is to link financial and nonfinancial measures to the company’s strategies and goals.

     

    Check Yourself

    Assume Chicken Deluxe, the fast-food restaurant franchise featured in this chapter, uses a balanced scorecard. Provide at least two examples of measures that Chicken Deluxe might use for each of the following perspectives of the balanced scorecard:

    1. Financial
    2. Internal business process
    3. Learning and growth
    4. Customer

    Solution

    1. Answers will vary. Several examples of financial measures are as follows:

      • Gross margin ratio
      • Profit margin ratio
      • Return on assets
      • Receivables turnover
      • Inventory turnover
    2. Answers will vary. Several examples of internal business process measures are as follows:

      • Capacity utilization
      • Amount of food spoilage
      • Order response time
    3. Answers will vary. Several examples of learning and growth measures are as follows:

      • Hours of employee training
      • Employee satisfaction
      • Employee turnover
      • Number of employee accidents
    4. Answers will vary. Several examples of customer perspective measures are as follows:

      • Customer satisfaction
      • Number of customer complaints
      • Market share
      • Amount of food returned

     

    End-of-Chapter Exercises

    Questions

    1. What is trend analysis? Explain how the percent change from one period to the next is calculated.
    2. What is common-size analysis? How is common-size analysis information used?
    3. Explain the difference between trend analysis and common-size analysis.
    4. Name the ratios used to evaluate profitability. Explain what the statement “evaluate profitability” means.
    5. Name the ratios used to evaluate short-term liquidity. Explain what the statement “evaluate short-term liquidity” means.
    6. Explain the difference between the current ratio and the quick ratio.
    7. Name the ratios used to evaluate long-term solvency. Explain what the term “long-term solvency” means.
    8. What is the balanced scorecard? Briefly describe the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard.

    Brief Exercises

    1. Evaluating Suppliers at Chicken Deluxe. Refer to the dialogue at Chicken Deluxe presented at the beginning of the chapter and the follow-up dialogue immediately following.

      Required:

      1. What is the big decision that Chicken Deluxe is facing?
      2. Briefly describe the results of Dave’s analysis of the two suppliers.
    2. Trend Analysis. The following income statement is for Apple, Inc.

       
        September 28, September 29,
        2019 2018
      Net sales:    
      Products  $               213,883  $               225,847
      Services 46,291 39,748
      Total net sales 260,174 265,595
           
      Cost of sales:    
      Products 144,996 148,164
      Services 16,786 15,592
      Total cost of sales 161,782 163,756
      Gross margin 98,392 101,839
           
      Operating expenses:    
      Research and development 16,217 14,236
      Selling, general and administrative 18,245 16,705
      Total operating expenses 34,462 30,941
           
      Operating income 63,930 70,898
      Other income/(expense), net 1,807 2,005
      Income before provision for income taxes 65,737 72,903
      Provision for income taxes 10,481 13,372
      Net income  $                55,256  $                59,531

      Required:

      Prepare a trend analysis of the income statements from 2018 to 2019. Use the format shown in the chapter as a guide. (Round percent computations to one decimal place.)

    3. Common-Size Analysis. Refer to the income statement for Apple, Inc., in Brief Exercise 14.

      Required:

      Prepare a common-size analysis of the income statements for 2018 and 2019. Use the format shown in the chapter as a guide. (Round percent computations to one decimal place.)

    4. Gross Margin and Profit Margin Ratios. Refer to the income statement for Apple, Inc., in Brief Exercise 14.

      Required:

      Compute the following profitability ratios for 2019, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round computations to one decimal place):

      1. Gross margin ratio
      2. Profit margin ratio
    5. Current and Quick Ratios. A condensed balance sheet for Apple, Inc., appears in the following.

        September 28,
        2019
      ASSETS:  
      Current assets:  
      Cash and cash equivalents  $               48,844
      Marketable securities 51,713
      Accounts receivable, net 22,926
      Inventories 4,106
      Vendor non-trade receivables 22,878
      Other current assets 12,352
      Total current assets 162,819
         
      Non-current assets:  
      Marketable securities 105,341
      Property, plant and equipment, net 37,378
      Other non-current assets 32,978
      Total non-current assets 175,697
      Total assets  $             338,516
         
      LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:  
      Current liabilities:  
      Accounts payable  $               46,236
      Other current liabilities 37,720
      Deferred revenue 5,522
      Commercial paper 5,980
      Term debt 10,260
      Total current liabilities 105,718
         
      Non-current liabilities:  
      Term debt 91,807
      Other non-current liabilities 50,503
      Total non-current liabilities 142,310
      Total liabilities 248,028
         
      Commitments and contingencies  
         
      Shareholders’ equity:  
      Common stock and additional paid-in capital, $0.00001  
      par value: 12,600,000 shares authorized; 4,443,236 and  
      4,754,986 shares issued and outstanding, respectively 45,174
      Retained earnings 45,898
      Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) (584)
      Total shareholders’ equity 90,488
      Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity  $             338,516

      Required:

      Compute the following short-term liquidity ratios for 2019, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round computations to two decimal places):

      1. Current ratio
      2. Quick ratio
    6. Long-Term Solvency Ratios. Refer to the condensed balance sheet for Apple, Inc., in Brief Exercise 17.

      Required:

      Compute the following long-term solvency ratios for 2019, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round computations to two decimal places):

      1. Debt to assets
      2. Debt to equity
    7. Balanced Scorecard. Provide two nonfinancial measures likely used by delivery companies like FedEx and UPS.

    Exercises:

    20.  Trend Analysis. The following condensed income statement is for CarMax, Inc., a large retailer of used vehicles.

     
    SALES AND OPERATING REVENUES: 2019 2018
    REVENUES 20,319,987 18,173,100
    TOTAL COST OF SALES 17,597,647 15,692,509
    GROSS PROFIT 2,722,340 2,480,591
    CARMAX AUTO FINANCE INCOME 456,030 438,690
    Selling, general and    
    administrative expenses 1,940,067 1,730,275
    Interest expense 83,007 75,792
    Other (income) expense (5,690) 408
    Earnings before income taxes 1,160,986 1,112,806
    Income tax provision 272,553 270,393
    NET EARNINGS  $                888,433  $                842,413

    Required:

      1. Prepare a trend analysis of the income statements from 2018 to 2019. Use the format shown in the chapter as a guide. (Round computations to one decimal place.)

    What does the trend analysis prepared in requirement a tell you about the company?

    21. Common-Size Analysis. Refer to the condensed income statement for CarMax, Inc., in Exercise 20.

    Required:

        1. Prepare a common-size analysis of the income statements for 2019 and 2018. Use the format shown in the chapter as a guide. (Round computations to one decimal place.)
        2. What does the common-size analysis in requirement a tell you about the company?
    1. Profitability Ratios. Refer to the condensed income statement for CarMax, Inc., in Exercise 20 and to the company’s balance sheet shown as follows.

      ASSETS    
      CURRENT ASSETS: 2019 2018
      Cash and cash equivalents  $                  58,211  $                  46,938
      Restricted cash from collections on auto loans receivable 481,043 440,669
      Accounts receivable, net 191,090 139,850
      Inventory 2,846,416 2,519,455
      Other current assets 86,927 67,101
      TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS 3,663,687 3,214,013
      Auto loans receivable, net 13,551,711 12,428,487
      Property and equipment, net 3,069,102 2,828,058
      Deferred income taxes 89,842 61,346
      Operating lease assets 449,094                             –
      Other assets 258,746 185,963
      TOTAL ASSETS  $            21,082,182  $            18,717,867
           
      CURRENT LIABILITIES:    
      Accounts payable  $                737,144  $                593,171
      Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 331,738 318,204
      Accrued income taxes 1,389 3,784
      Current portion of operating lease liabilities 30,980                             –
      Short-term debt 40 1,129
      Current portion of long-term debt 9,251 10,177
      Current portion of non-recourse notes payable 424,165 385,044
      TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES 1,534,707 1,311,509
      Long-term debt, excluding current portion 1,778,672 1,649,244
      Non-recourse notes payable, excluding current portion 13,165,384 12,127,290
      Operating lease liabilities, excluding current portion 440,671                             –
      Other liabilities 393,873 272,796
      TOTAL LIABILITIES 17,313,307 15,360,839
      Common Stock 81,541 83,739
      Capital in excess of par value 1,348,988 1,237,153
      Accumulated other comprehensive loss (150,071) (68,010)
      Retained earnings 2,488,417 2,104,146
      TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 3,768,875 3,357,028
      TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY  $            21,082,182  $            18,717,867

      Required:

      Compute the following profitability ratios for 2019, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round percentage computations to one decimal place and earnings per share to two decimal places):

      1. Gross margin ratio
      2. Profit margin ratio
      3. Return on assets
      4. Return on common shareholders’ equity
      5. Earnings per share (assume weighted average shares outstanding totaled 223,449,000 shares)
    2. Short-Term Liquidity Ratios. Refer to the condensed income statement for CarMax, Inc., in Exercise 20 and to the company’s balance sheet in Exercise 22.

      Required:

      Compute the following short-term liquidity ratios for 2019, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round computations to two decimal places):

      1. Current ratio
      2. Quick ratio
      3. Receivables turnover ratio and average collection period (assume all sales are on account)
      4. Inventory turnover ratio and average sale period
    3. Long-Term Solvency Ratios. Refer to the condensed income statement for CarMax, Inc., in Exercise 20 and to the company’s balance sheet in Exercise 22.

      Required:

      Compute the following long-term solvency ratios for 2019, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round computations to two decimal places):

      1. Debt to assets
      2. Debt to equity
      3. Times interest earned
    4. Balanced Scorecard Customer Measures. Tech University has more than 10,000 students enrolling in courses each term. The management would like to develop a balanced scorecard to assess performance.

      Required:

      Provide at least three customer measures Tech University can use on its balanced scorecard. Assume students are the customers.

    Problems

    26.  Trend Analysis and Common-Size Analysis. The following condensed income statement and balance sheet are for Nordstrom, Inc., a large retailer of apparel.

     
     
      2019 2018  
    Net sales $15,132 $15,480  
    Credit card revenues, net 392 380  
    Total revenues 15,524 15,860  
    Cost of sales and related buying and occupancy costs 9,932 10,155  
    Selling, general and administrative expenses 4,808 4,868  
    Earnings before interest and income taxes 784 837  
    Interest expense, net 102 104  
    Earnings before income taxes 682 733  
    Income tax expense 186 169  
    Net earnings $496 $564  
      2019   2018    
    Assets          
    Current assets:          
    Cash and cash equivalents $ 853    $ 957    
    Accounts receivable, net 179   148    
    Merchandise inventories 1,920   1,978    
    Prepaid expenses and other 278   291    
    Total current assets 3,230   3,374    
               
    Land, property and equipment, net 4,179   3,921    
    Operating lease right-of-use assets 1,774      
    Goodwill 249   249    
    Other assets 305   342    
    Total assets $ 9,737   $ 7,886    
               
    Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity          
    Current liabilities:          
    Accounts payable $ 1,576   $1,469    
    Accrued salaries, wages and related benefits 510   580    
    Current portion of operating lease liabilities 244      
    Other current liabilities 1,190   1,324    
    Current portion of long-term debt   8    
    Total current liabilities 3,520   3,381    
               
    Long-term debt, net 2,676   2,677    
    Deferred property incentives, net 4   457    
    Non-current operating lease liabilities 1,875      
    Other liabilities 683   498    
    Shareholders’ equity:          
    Common stock, no par value: 1,000 shares authorized; 155.6 and 157.6 shares issued and outstanding 3,129   3,048    
    Accumulated deficit (2,082)   (2,138)    
    Accumulated other comprehensive loss (68)   (37)    
    Total shareholders’ equity 979   873    
    Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $9,737   $ 7,886    

    Required:

      1. Prepare a trend analysis of the income statements from 2018 to 2019. Use the format shown in the chapter as a guide. (Round computations to one decimal place.)
      2. Prepare a trend analysis of the balance sheets from 2018 to 2019. Use the format shown in the chapter as a guide. (Round computations to one decimal place.)
      3. Prepare a common-size analysis of the income statements for 2018 and 2019. Use the format shown in the chapter as a guide. (Round computations to one decimal place.)
      4. Prepare a common-size analysis of the balance sheets for 2018 and 2019. Use the format shown in the chapter as a guide. (Round computations to one decimal place.)
      5. What does the common-size analysis prepared in requirements d and e tell you about the company?

    27.  Profitability and Short-Term Liquidity Ratios. Refer to the information presented in Problem 26 for Nordstrom.

    Required:

      1. Compute the following profitability ratios for 2019, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round percentage computations to one decimal place and earnings per share to two decimal places):

        1. Gross margin ratio
        2. Profit margin ratio
        3. Return on assets
        4. Return on common shareholders’ equity
        5. Earnings per share (weighted average shares outstanding totaled 218,800,000 shares)
      2. Compute the following short-term liquidity ratios for 2019, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round computations to two decimal places):

        1. Current ratio
        2. Quick ratio
        3. Receivables turnover ratio and average collection period (assume all sales are on account)
        4. Inventory turnover ratio and average sale period

    28.  Long-Term Solvency Ratios Refer to the information presented in Problem 26 for Nordstrom.

    Required:

      1. Compute the following long-term solvency ratios for 2019, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round computations to two decimal places):

        1. Debt to assets
        2. Debt to equity
        3. Times interest earned

    29.  Income Statement Trend, Common-Size, and Profitability Analysis. The following condensed income statement and balance sheet are for Starbucks Corporation, a large retailer of specialty coffee with stores throughout the world.

     
     
      STARBUCKS CORPORATION    
      CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS    
      (in millions, except per share data)    
             
        Sep 29, Sep 30, Oct 1,
      Fiscal Year Ended 2019 2018 2017
      Net revenues:      
      Company-operated stores  $           21,544.40  $                   19,690.30  $                    17,650.70
      Licensed stores 2,875.00 2,652.20 2,355.00
      Other 2,089.20 2,377.00 2,381.10
      Total net revenues 26,508.60 24,719.50 22,386.80
      Cost of sales 8,526.90 7,930.70 7,065.80
      Store operating expenses 10,493.60 9,472.20 8,486.40
      Other operating expenses 371.00 554.90 518.00
      Depreciation and amortization expenses 1,377.30 1,247.00 1,011.40
      General and administrative expenses 1,824.10 1,708.20 1,408.40
      Restructuring and impairments 135.80 224.40 153.50
      Total operating expenses 22,728.70 21,137.40 18,643.50
      Income from equity investees 298.00 301.20 391.40
      Operating income 4,077.90 3,883.30 4,134.70
      Gain resulting from acquisition of joint    
      venture                          – 1,376.40                                   –
      Net gain resulting from divestiture of    
      certain operations 622.80 499.20 93.50
      Interest income and other, net 96.50 191.40 181.80
      Interest expense (331.00) (170.30) (92.50)
      Earnings before income taxes 4,466.20 5,780.00 4,317.50
      Income tax expense 871.60 1,262.00 1,432.60
      Net earnings including noncontrolling    
      interests 3,594.60 4,518.00 2,884.90
      Net earnings/(loss) attributable to    
      noncontrolling interests (4.60) (0.30) 0.20
      Net earnings attributable to Starbucks  $            3,599.20  $                     4,518.30  $                      2,884.70
      Earnings per share – basic  $                   2.95  $                           3.27  $                            1.99
      Earnings per share – diluted  $                   2.92  $                           3.24  $                            1.97
      Weighted average shares outstanding:    
      Basic 1,221.20 1,382.70 1,449.50
      Diluted 1,233.20 1,394.60 1,461.50
    STARBUCKS CORPORATION    
    CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS    
    (in millions, except per share data)    
         
      Sep 29, Sep 30,
      2019 2018
    ASSETS    
    Current assets:    
    Cash and cash equivalents  $                    2,686.60  $             8,756.30
    Short-term investments 70.50 181.50
    Accounts receivable, net 879.20 693.10
    Inventories 1,529.40 1,400.50
    Prepaid expenses and other current assets 488.20 1,462.80
    Total current assets 5,653.90 12,494.20
    Long-term investments 220.00 267.70
    Equity investments 396.00 334.70
    Property, plant and equipment, net 6,431.70 5,929.10
    Deferred income taxes, net 1,765.80 134.70
    Other long-term assets 479.60 412.20
    Other intangible assets 781.80 1,042.20
    Goodwill 3,490.80 3,541.60
    TOTAL ASSETS  $                   19,219.60  $           24,156.40
    LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY/(DEFICIT)  
    Current liabilities:    
    Accounts payable  $                    1,189.70  $             1,179.30
    Accrued liabilities 1,753.70 1,752.50
    Accrued payroll and benefits 664.60 656.80
    Income taxes payable 1,291.70 102.80
    Stored value card liability and current portion of    
    deferred revenue 1,269.00 1,642.90
    Current portion of long-term debt                                  – 349.90
    Total current liabilities 6,168.70 5,684.20
    Long-term debt 11,167.00 9,090.20
    Deferred revenue 6,744.40 6,775.70
    Other long-term liabilities 1,370.50 1,430.50
    Total liabilities 25,450.60 22,980.60
    Shareholders’ equity/(deficit):    
    Common stock ($0.001 par value) – authorized,    
    2,400.0 shares; issued and outstanding, 1,184.6 and  
    1,309.1 shares, respectively 1.20 1.30
    Additional paid-in capital 41.10 41.10
    Retained earnings/(deficit) (5,771.20) 1,457.40
    Accumulated other comprehensive loss (503.30) (330.30)
    Total shareholders’ equity/(deficit) (6,232.20) 1,169.50
    Noncontrolling interests 1.20 6.30
    Total equity/(deficit) (6,231.00) 1,175.80
    TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY/(DEFICIT)  $                   19,219.60  $           24,156.40

    Required:

      1. Prepare a trend analysis of the income statements from 2018 to 2019. Use the format shown in the chapter as a guide. (Round computations to one decimal place.)
      2. Identify all items that changed by more than 20 percent in the trend analysis prepared in requirement a, and briefly comment on the results.
      3. Prepare a common-size analysis of the income statements for 2019 and 2018. Use the format shown in the chapter as a guide. (Round computations to one decimal place.)
      4. What does the common-size analysis prepared in requirement c tell you about the company?
      5. Compute the following profitability ratios for 2019, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round percentage computations to one decimal place and earnings per share to two decimal places):

        1. Gross margin ratio
        2. Profit margin ratio
        3. Return on assets
        4. Return on common shareholders’ equity
        5. Earnings per share (assume weighted average shares outstanding totaled 748,300,000 shares)

    30.  Short-Term Liquidity, Long-Term Solvency, and Market Valuation. Refer to the information presented in Problem 29 for Starbucks.

    Required:

      1. Compute the following short-term liquidity ratios for 2019, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round computations to two decimal places):

        1. Current ratio
        2. Quick ratio
        3. Receivables turnover ratio and average collection period (assume all sales are on account)
        4. Inventory turnover ratio and average sale period                                                                                                                                                                   Compute the following long-term solvency ratios for 2019, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round computations to two decimal places):
        1. Debt to assets
        2. Debt to equity
        3. Times interest earned

    31.  Internet Project: Financial Statement Analysis. Using the Internet, find the most recent annual report (or form 10K) for a manufacturing or retail company of your choice. Most companies have links to the information at their Web sites under titles, such as investor relations or financial reports. Print the income statement and balance sheet for the company selected and include these documents with your response to the following requirements.

    Required:

    1. Compute the following profitability ratios for the most current year, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round percentage computations to one decimal place):

      1. Gross margin ratio
      2. Profit margin ratio
      3. Return on assets
      4. Return on common shareholders’ equity
    2. Compute the following short-term liquidity ratios for the most current year, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round computations to two decimal places):

      1. Current ratio
      2. Quick ratio
      3. Receivables turnover ratio and average collection period (assume all sales are on account)
      4. Inventory turnover ratio and average sale period
    3. Compute the following long-term solvency ratios for the most current year, and provide a brief explanation after each ratio (round computations to two decimal places):

      1. Debt to assets
      2. Debt to equity
    4. Provide a one-page written report summarizing your results in requirements a, b, and c. Identify any areas of concern as well as areas of strength for the company.
    1.  
     

    7: How Do Managers Use Financial and Nonfinancial Performance Measures? is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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