9.5: Summary and Key Terms
- Page ID
- 5239
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Section Summaries
9.1 Differentiate between Centralized and Decentralized Management
- Management control systems allow managers to develop a reporting structure to help the organization meet its strategic goals.
- In centralized organizations, primary decisions are made by the person or persons at the top of the organization.
- Decentralized organizations delegate decision-making authority throughout the organization.
- Daily decision-making involves frequent and immediate decisions.
- Strategic decision-making involves infrequent and long-term decisions.
9.2 Describe How Decision-Making Differs between Centralized and Decentralized Environments
- Segments are uniquely identifiable components of the business that facilitate the effective and efficient operation of the business.
- Organizational charts are used to graphically represent the authority structure of an organization.
- The CEO of a centralized organization will establish the strategy and make decisions that will be implemented throughout the organization.
- The CEO of a decentralized organization will establish strategic goals and empower managers to achieve the goals.
9.3 Describe the Types of Responsibility Centers
- A responsibility accounting structure helps management evaluate the financial performance of the segments in the organization.
- Responsibility centers are segments within a responsibility accounting structure.
- Five types of responsibility centers include cost centers, discretionary cost centers, revenue centers, profit centers, and investment centers.
- Cost centers are responsibility centers that focus only on expenses.
- Discretionary cost centers are responsibility centers that focus only on controllable expenses.
- Revenue centers are responsibility centers that focus on revenues.
- Profit centers are responsibility centers that focus on revenues and expenses.
- Investment centers are responsibility centers that consider the investments made by the responsibility center.
- Return on investment is a particular type of investment center structure that calculates a responsibility center’s profit percentage relative to the center’s investment.
- Residual income is a particular type of investment center structure that evaluates investments using a common cost of capital rate amongst all responsibility centers.
9.4 Describe the Effects of Various Decisions on Performance Evaluation of Responsibility Centers
- Uncontrollable costs are costs that management or an organization has little or no ability to influence.
- Controllable costs are costs that managers or an organization can influence.
- Managers in a responsibility accounting structure should only be evaluated based on controllable costs.
- Businesses with segments that provide goods to other segments within the business often use a transfer pricing structure to record the transaction.
- The general transfer pricing model considers the opportunity costs involved in selling to internal rather than external customers. This method is difficult to implement and businesses often choose other methods.
- The market price model uses market prices that would be used for external customers as the basis for internal transfers.
- The cost approach uses the company’s cost to make the product as the basis for establishing the transfer price.
- The negotiated model allows the selling and buying segments within the business to determine the transfer price.
- Transfer price arrangements are more difficult in international businesses because of complexities related to taxes, duties, and currency fluctuations.
Key Terms
- allocated costs
- costs that are generated by non–revenue generating portions of the business, such as corporate headquarters, that are assigned based on some formula to the revenue generating portions of the business
- centralization
- business structure in which one individual makes the important decisions and provides the primary strategic direction for the company
- controllable costs
- those that a company or manager can influence
- cost approach
- transfer pricing structure in which the transfer price may be based on total variable cost, full cost, or a cost-plus scenario, calculated by adding a markup to either variable cost or full cost
- cost center
- organizational segment in which a manager is held responsible only for costs
- decentralization
- business structure in which the decision-making is made at various levels of the organization
- discretionary cost center
- organizational segment in which a manager is held responsible only for controllable costs when there is not a well-defined relationship between the center’s costs and its services or products
- goal congruence
- integration of multiple goals, either within an organization or across multiple components or entities; congruence is achieved by aligning goals to achieve an anticipated mission
- investment center
- organizational segment in which a manager is accountable for profits (revenues minus expenses) and the invested capital used by the segment
- lower-level management
- level of management that provides basic supervision and oversight for the operations of the organization
- management control system
- structure within an organization that allows managers to establish, implement, and monitor progress toward the strategic goals of the organization
- market price approach
- transfer pricing structure in which the transfer price is based on the price the seller would use for an outside customer
- mid-level management
- level of management that receives direction from upper management and supervises and provides direction to lower-level management
- negotiated price approach
- transfer pricing structure in which the transfer price is based on negotiations between the buying segment and the selling segment
- organizational chart
- graphical representations illustrating the authority for decision-making and oversight throughout an organization
- profit center
- organizational segment in which a manager is responsible for and evaluted on both revenues and costs
- residual income (RI)
- amount of income a given division (or project) is expected to earn in excess of a firm’s minimum return goal
- responsibility accounting
- method of encouraging goal congruence by setting and communicating the financial performance measures by which managers will be evaluated
- responsibility centers
- segments in which supervisors or managers have responsibility for the performance of the center and the authority to make decisions that affect the center
- return on investment (ROI)
- measure of the percentage of income generated by profits that were invested in capital assets
- revenue center
- part of an organization in which management is evaluated based on the ability to generate revenues; the manager's primary control is only revenues
- segment
- portion of the business that management believes has sufficient similarities in product lines, geographic locations, or customers to warrant reporting that portion of the company as a distinct part of the entire company
- transfer pricing
- pricing structure used when one segment of a business “sells” goods to another segment of the same business
- uncontrollable costs
- those that an organization or manager has little or no ability to influence
- upper management
- level of management that consists of the board of directors and chief executives charged with providing strategic guidance for the organization